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Evelyn Cunningham of the Pittsburgh Courier attended a Jackson concert in 1954, writing that she expected to be embarrassed by Jackson, but "when she sang, she made me choke up and feel wondrously proud of my people and my heritage. At her best, Mahalia builds these songs to a frenzy of intensity almost demanding a release in holler and shout. Her only stock holding was in Mahalia Jackson Products, a Memphis based canned food company. Whitman, Alden, "Mahalia Jackson, Gospel Singer And a Civil Rights Symbol, Dies", Ferris, William, and Hart, Mary L., eds. Her older cousin Fred, not as intimidated by Duke, collected records of both kinds. Wracked by guilt, she attended the audition, later calling the experience "miserable" and "painful". He did not consider it artful. Commercial Real Estate Developer Real estate broker. 3364, Burford 2020, pp. 808 S. Magnolia Ave., Monrovia - Feb. 18th & 19th from 9:00 am - 4:00 p.m., Feb. 20th from 9:00 am - 12 noon. She was a warm, carefree personality who gave you the feeling that you could relax and let your hair down whenever you were around her backstage with her or in her home where she'd cook up some good gumbo for you whenever she had the time. In January 1972, she received surgery to remove a bowel obstruction and died in recovery. Chauncey. In black churches, this was a regular practice among gospel soloists who sought to evoke an emotional purging in the audience during services. Gospel songs are the songs of hope. Sometimes she made $10 a week (equivalent to $199 in 2021) in what historian Michael Harris calls "an almost unheard-of professionalization of one's sacred calling". Moriah Baptist Church as a child. Her final concert was in 1971 in Munich. [151] As she became more famous, spending time in concert halls, she continued to attend and perform in black churches, often for free, to connect with congregations and other gospel singers. True to her own rule, she turned down lucrative appearances at New York City institutions the Apollo Theater and the Village Vanguard, where she was promised $5,000 a week (equivalent to $100,000 in 2021). [37] Falls accompanied her in nearly every performance and recording thereafter. [27][33], Each engagement Jackson took was farther from Chicago in a nonstop string of performances. The family had a phonograph and while Aunt Duke was at work, Jackson played records by Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, and Ma Rainey, singing along while she scrubbed floors. On August 28, 1963, in front of a crowd of nearly 250,000 people spread across the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the Baptist preacher and civil rights leader Rev. [66][67] She appeared at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to sing "I've Been 'Buked and I've Been Scorned" on King's request, then "How I Got Over". deeper and deeper, Lord! The highlight of her trip was visiting the Holy Land, where she knelt and prayed at Calvary. Clark and Jackson were unmarried, a common arrangement among black women in New Orleans at the time. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . Jackson enjoyed the music sung by the congregation more. The band, the stage crew, the other performers, the ushers they were all rooting for her. Singers, male and female, visited while Jackson cooked for large groups of friends and customers on a two-burner stove in the rear of the salon. For three weeks she toured Japan, becoming the first Western singer since the end of World War II to give a private concert for the Imperial Family. (Harris, p. Duke was severe and strict, with a notorious temper. "[103] Specifically, Little Richard, Mavis Staples of the Staple Singers, Donna Summer, Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, Della Reese, and Aretha Franklin have all named Jackson as an inspiration. 7, 11. She checked herself into a hospital in Chicago. When you sing gospel you have a feeling there's a cure for what's wrong. She received a funeral service at Greater Salem Baptist Church in Chicago where she was still a member. [6] Church became a home to Jackson where she found music and safety; she often fled there to escape her aunt's moods. Mahalia Jackson was born on October 26, 1911 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. In the church spirit, Jackson lent her support from her seat behind him, shouting, "Tell 'em about the dream, Martin!" 259.) Eskridge, her lawyer, said that Miss Jackson owned real estate and assets worth $500,000 and had another $500,060 in cash bank deposits. In 1935, Jackson met Isaac "Ike" Hockenhull, a chemist working as a postman during the Depression. After two aunts, Hannah and Alice, moved to Chicago, Jackson's family, concerned for her, urged Hannah to take her back there with her after a Thanksgiving visit. Well over 50,000 mourners filed past her mahogany, glass-topped coffin in tribute. "[19], Soon Jackson found the mentor she was seeking. At the beginning of a song, Falls might start in one key and receive hand signals from Jackson to change until Jackson felt the right key for the song in that moment. A few months later, Jackson appeared live on the television special Wide Wide World singing Christmas carols from Mount Moriah, her childhood church in New Orleans. Dorsey had a motive: he needed a singer to help sell his sheet music. Mahalia Jackson, (born October 26, 1911, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.died January 27, 1972, Evergreen Park, near Chicago, Illinois), American gospel music singer, known as the "Queen of Gospel Song." Jackson was brought up in a strict religious atmosphere. [54][55][h], While attending the National Baptist Convention in 1956, Jackson met Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, both ministers emerging as organizers protesting segregation. [i] Three months later, while rehearsing for an appearance on Danny Kaye's television show, Jackson was inconsolable upon learning that Kennedy had been assassinated, believing that he died fighting for the rights of black Americans. In 1966, she published her autobiography . [150] She was featured on the album's vocal rendition of Ellington's composition "Come Sunday", which subsequently became a jazz standard. "[22] Black Chicago was hit hard by the Great Depression, driving church attendance throughout the city, which Jackson credited with starting her career. "[53] Jackson began to gain weight. His background as a blues player gave him extensive experience improvising and he encouraged Jackson to develop her skills during their performances by handing her lyrics and playing chords while she created melodies, sometimes performing 20 or more songs this way. [96] The earliest are marked by minimal accompaniment with piano and organ. The day after, Mayor Richard Daley and other politicians and celebrities gave their eulogies at the Arie Crown Theater with 6,000 in attendance. They performed as a quartet, the Johnson Singers, with Prince as the pianist: Chicago's first black gospel group. He had repeatedly urged her to get formal training and put her voice to better use. With this, Jackson retired from political work and personal endorsements. Time constraints forced her to give up the choir director position at St. Luke Baptist Church and sell the beauty shop. At the age of sixteen, she moved to Chicago and began touring with the Johnson Gospel Singers, an early . enlisted several women to help raise Aretha while he was away on the lucrative church revival circuit, including Jackson, who lived near the family's home in Detroit. "[112] She had an uncanny ability to elicit the same emotions from her audiences that she transmitted in her singing. Yet the next day she was unable to get a taxi or shop along Canal Street. All dates in Germany were sold out weeks in advance. [148] White radio host Studs Terkel was surprised to learn Jackson had a large black following before he found her records, saying, "For a stupid moment, I had thought that I discovered Mahalia Jackson. Falls' right hand playing, according to Ellison, substituted for the horns in an orchestra which was in constant "conversation" with Jackson's vocals. Author Anthony Heilbut called it a "weird ethereal sound, part moan, part failed operatics". He lived elsewhere, never joining Charity as a parent. In Imitation of Life, her portrayal as a funeral singer embodied sorrow for the character Annie, a maid who dies from heartbreak. The mind and the voice by themselves are not sufficient. 5 Photos Mahalia Jackson was born on 26 October 1911 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. She was often so involved in singing she was mostly unaware how she moved her body. By this time she was a personal friend of King and his wife Coretta, often hosting them when they visited Chicago, and spending Thanksgiving with their family in Atlanta. Other people may not have wanted to be deferential, but they couldn't help it. [134] To the majority of new fans, however, "Mahalia was the vocal, physical, spiritual symbol of gospel music", according to Heilbut. [145] Her first national television appearance on Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town in 1952 showed her singing authentic gospel blues, prompting a large parade in her honor in Dayton, Ohio, with 50,000 black attendees more than the integrated audience that showed up for a Harry Truman campaign stop around the same time. [146] Known for her excited shouts, Jackson once called out "Glory!" The final confrontation caused her to move into her own rented house for a month, but she was lonely and unsure of how to support herself. Gospel had never been performed at Carnegie. "[121] Commenting on her personal intimacy, Neil Goodwin of The Daily Express wrote after attending her 1961 concert at the Royal Albert Hall, "Mahalia Jackson sang to ME last night." The breathtaking beauty of the voice and superbly controlled transitions from speech to prayer to song heal and anneal. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Jackson, who enjoyed music of all kinds, noticed, attributing the emotional punch of rock and roll to Pentecostal singing. She lost a significant amount of weight during the tour, finally having to cancel. The funeral for Jackson was like few New Orleans has seen. (Burford, Mark, "Mahalia Jackson Meets the Wise Men: Defining Jazz at the Music Inn", The song "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah" appears on the Columbia album. Their mortgages were taken over by black congregations in good position to settle in Bronzeville. Jackson's recordings captured the attention of jazz fans in the U.S. and France, and she became the first gospel recording artist to tour Europe. This National Association of Realtors designation is a testament to our professionalism. [68], Jackson toured Europe again in 1964, mobbed in several cities and proclaiming, "I thought I was the Beatles!" Gospel singer Evelyn Gaye recalled touring with her in 1938 when Jackson often sang "If You See My Savior Tell Him That You Saw Me", saying, "and the people, look like they were just awed by it, on a higher plane, gone. "[127] Anthony Heilbut explained, "By Chicago choir standards her chordings and tempos were old-fashioned, but they always induced a subtle rock exactly suited to Mahalia's swing. Popular music as a whole felt her influence and she is credited with inspiring rhythm and blues, soul, and rock and roll singing styles. Her records were sent to the UK, traded there among jazz fans, earning Jackson a cult following on both sides of the Atlantic, and she was invited to tour Europe. She was marketed similarly to jazz musicians, but her music at Columbia ultimately defied categorization. Updates? As she got older, she became well known for the gorgeous and powerful sound of her voice which made her stand out pretty early on. How in the world can they take offense to that? [142] Despite her influence, Jackson was mostly displeased that gospel music was being used for secular purposes, considering R&B and soul music to be perversions, exploiting the music to make money. It will take time to build up your voice. [69] She appeared in the film The Best Man (1964), and attended a ceremony acknowledging Lyndon Johnson's inauguration at the White House, becoming friends with Lady Bird. The adult choir at Plymouth Rock sang traditional Protestant hymns, typically written by Isaac Watts and his contemporaries. Mahalia Jackson was born to Charity Clark and Johnny Jackson, a stevedore and weekend barber. In 1971, Jackson made television appearances with Johnny Cash and Flip Wilson. However, she made sure those 60 years were meaningful. In 1946 she appeared at the Golden Gate Ballroom in Harlem. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. "Move On Up a Little Higher" was released in 1947, selling 50,000 copies in Chicago and 2 million nationwide. [105][143], Jackson's success had a profound effect on black American identity, particularly for those who did not assimilate comfortably into white society. Months later, she helped raise $50,000 for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Sarcoidosis is not curable, though it can be treated, and following the surgery, Jackson's doctors were cautiously optimistic that with treatment she could carry on as normal. She appeared on a local television program, also titled The Mahalia Jackson Show, which again got a positive reception but was canceled for lack of sponsors. The first instance Jackson was released without penalty, but the second time she was ordered to pay the court taking place in the back of a hardware store $1,000 (equivalent to $10,000 in 2021). He saw that auditions for The Swing Mikado, a jazz-flavored retelling of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, were taking place. As her career advanced, she found it difficult to adjust to the time constraints in recording and television appearances, saying, "When I sing I don't go by the score. White and non-Christian audiences also felt this resonance. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahalia-Jackson, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Biography of Mahalia Jackson, Mahalia Jackson - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Jackson, Mahalia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (1997). When I become conscious, I can't do it good. They used the drum, the cymbal, the tambourine, and the steel triangle. Her recording of the song "Move on Up a Little Higher" sold millions of copies, skyrocketing her to international fame and gave her the . Hockenhull's mother gave the couple 200 formulas for homemade hair and skincare products she had sold door to door. After hearing that black children in Virginia were unable to attend school due to integration conflicts, she threw them an ice cream party from Chicago, singing to them over a telephone line attached to a public address system. Likewise, he calls Jackson's Apollo records "uniformly brilliant", choosing "Even Me", "Just As I Am", "City Called Heaven", and "I Do, Don't You" as perfect examples of her phrasing and contralto range, having an effect that is "angelic but never saccharine". A position as the official soloist of the National Baptist Convention was created for her, and her audiences multiplied to the tens of thousands. It got so we were living on bags of fresh fruit during the day and driving half the night, and I was so exhausted by the time I was supposed to sing, I was almost dizzy. In the 1950s and 60s she was active in the civil rights movement; in 1963 she sang the old African American spiritual I Been Buked and I Been Scorned for a crowd of more than 200,000 in Washington, D.C., just before civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech. [122], Until 1946, Jackson used an assortment of pianists for recording and touring, choosing anyone who was convenient and free to go with her. If they're Christians, how in the world can they object to me singing hymns? Sometimes they had to sleep in Jackson's car, a Cadillac she had purchased to make long trips more comfortable. Still she sang one more song. [139] Her Decca records were the first to feature the sound of a Hammond organ, spawning many copycats and resulting in its use in popular music, especially those evoking a soulful sound, for decades after. Her first release on Apollo, "Wait 'til My Change Comes" backed with "I'm Going to Tell God All About it One of These Days" did not sell well. Recent reports state that members of Jackson's estate are . ), Jackson was arrested twice, in 1949 and 1952, in disputes with promoters when she felt she was not being given her contractually obligated payments. She died on 27 January 1972 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. In attendance was Art Freeman, a music scout for Apollo Records, a company catering to black artists and audiences concentrating mostly on jazz and blues. Thomas A. Dorsey, a seasoned blues musician trying to transition to gospel music, trained Jackson for two months, persuading her to sing slower songs to maximize their emotional effect. Jackson found this in Mildred Falls (19211974), who accompanied her for 25 years. [87] Gospel historian Horace Boyer attributes Jackson's "aggressive style and rhythmic ascension" to the Pentecostal congregation she heard as a child, saying Jackson was "never a Baptist singer". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The records' sales were weak, but were distributed to jukeboxes in New Orleans, one of which Jackson's entire family huddled around in a bar, listening to her again and again. The congregation included "jubilees" or uptempo spirituals in their singing. She furthermore turned down Louis Armstrong and Earl "Fatha" Hines when they offered her jobs singing with their bands. She dropped out and began taking in laundry. [116] Promoter Joe Bostic was in the audience of the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival, an outdoor concert that occurred during a downpour, and stated, "It was the most fantastic tribute to the hypnotic power of great artistry I have ever encountered. Remember Me: The Mahalia Jackson Story (Official Trailer) on Hulu Ledisi 220K subscribers 113K views 9 months ago Watch Now on Hulu https://www.hulu.com/movie/d7e7fe02-f. Show more Ledisi -. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. She recorded four singles: "God's Gonna Separate the Wheat From the Tares", "You Sing On, My Singer", "God Shall Wipe Away All Tears", and "Keep Me Every Day". Nationwide recognition came for Jackson in 1947 with the release of "Move On Up a Little Higher", selling two million copies and hitting the number two spot on Billboard charts, both firsts for gospel music. They toured off and on until 1951. He bought her records, took them home and played them on French public radio. "[87], Jackson's voice is noted for being energetic and powerful, ranging from contralto to soprano, which she switched between rapidly. "Two Cities Pay Tribute To Mahalia Jackson". The New York Times stated she was a "massive, stately, even majestic woman, [who] possessed an awesome presence that was apparent in whatever milieu she chose to perform. After one concert, critic Nat Hentoff wrote, "The conviction and strength of her rendition had a strange effect on the secularists present, who were won over to Mahalia if not to her message. One early admirer remembered, "People used to say, 'That woman sing too hard, she going to have TB!'" (Marovich, p. The Jacksons were Christians and Mahalia was raised in the faith. "Rusty Old Halo" became her first Columbia single, and DownBeat declared Jackson "the greatest spiritual singer now alive". Mahalia was born with bowed legs and infections in both eyes. She also developed peculiar habits regarding money. With a career spanning 40 years, Jackson was integral to the development and spread of gospel blues in black churches throughout the U.S. During a time when racial segregation was pervasive in American society, she met considerable and unexpected success in a recording career, selling an estimated 22 million records and performing in front of integrated and secular audiences in concert halls around the world. When she got home she learned that the role was offered to her, but when Hockenhull informed her he also secured a job she immediately rejected the role to his disbelief. (Goreau, pp. Miller, who was in attendance, was awed by it, noting "there wasn't a dry eye in the house when she got through". Berman set Jackson up for another recording session, where she sang "Even Me" (one million sold), and "Dig a Little Deeper" (just under one million sold). About the Movie. As her career progressed, she found it necessary to have a pianist available at a moment's notice, someone talented enough to improvise with her yet steeped in religious music. It wasn't just her talent that won her legions of fans, but also her active participation in the Civil Rights Movement and her lifelong dedication to helping those less fortunate. In her early days in Chicago, Jackson saved her money to buy records by classical singers Roland Hayes, Grace Moore, and Lawrence Tibbett, attributing her diction, breathing, and she said, "what little I know of technique" to these singers. On tour, she counted heads and tickets to ensure she was being paid fairly. "[31][32], A constant worker and a shrewd businesswoman, Jackson became the choir director at St. Luke Baptist Church. ), Her grandfather, Reverend Paul Clark, supervised ginning and baling cotton until, Jackson appears on the 1930 census living with Aunt Duke in New Orleans. Her bursts of power and sudden rhythmic drives build up to a pitch that leave you unprepared to listen afterwards to any but the greatest of musicians. 517 S Myrtle Ave. Jackson was accompanied by her pianist Mildred Falls, together performing 21 songs with question and answer sessions from the audience, mostly filled with writers and intellectuals. As she was the most prominent and sometimes the only gospel singer many white listeners knew she often received requests to define the style and explain how and why she sang as she did. [108] An experiment wearing a wig with her robes went awry during a show in the 1950s when she sang so frenetically she flung it off mid-performance. Though she and gospel blues were denigrated by members of the black upper class into the 1950s, for middle and lower class black Americans her life was a rags to riches story in which she remained relentlessly positive and unapologetically at ease with herself and her mannerisms in the company of white people. She sang at the March on Washington at the request of her friend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1963, performing "I Been 'Buked and I Been Scorned.". Moriah Baptist Church. He recruited Jackson to stand on Chicago street corners with him and sing his songs, hoping to sell them for ten cents a page. She passed away at the age of 60 on January 27, 1972 . [26], As opportunities came to her, an extraordinary moral code directed Jackson's career choices. The Acadmie Charles Cros awarded Jackson their Grand Prix du Disque for "I Can Put My Trust in Jesus"; Jackson was the first gospel singer to receive this award. As a member of a Sanctified Church in Mount Vernon once told me: 'Mahalia, she add more flowers and feathers than anybody, and they all is exactly right.' While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Her contracts therefore demanded she be paid in cash, often forcing her to carry tens of thousands of dollars in suitcases and in her undergarments. In Essen, she was called to give so many encores that she eventually changed into her street clothes and the stage hands removed the microphone. To hide her movements, pastors urged her to wear loose fitting robes which she often lifted a few inches from the ground, and they accused her of employing "snake hips" while dancing when the spirit moved her. The family called Charity's daughter "Halie"; she counted as the 13th person living in Aunt Duke's house. Marovich explains that she "was the living embodiment of gospel music's ecumenism and was welcomed everywhere". "[149] Jazz composer Duke Ellington, counting himself as a fan of Jackson's since 1952, asked her to appear on his album Black, Brown and Beige (1958), an homage to black American life and culture. Most of them were amazed at the length of time after the concert during which the sound of her voice remained active in the mind. In 1943, he brought home a new Buick for her that he promptly stopped paying for. When she came out, she could be your mother or your sister. She was previously married to Minters Sigmund Galloway and Isaac Lanes Grey Hockenhull. Early in her career, she had a tendency to choose songs that were all uptempo and she often shouted in excitement at the beginning of and during songs, taking breaths erratically. John Hammond, who helped secure Jackson's contract with Columbia, told her if she signed with them many of her black fans would not relate well to the music. [84][113][22] People Today commented that "When Mahalia sings, audiences do more than just listenthey undergo a profoundly moving emotional experience. [130] The "Golden Age of Gospel", occurring between 1945 and 1965, presented dozens of gospel music acts on radio, records, and in concerts in secular venues. Her albums interspersed familiar compositions by Thomas Dorsey and other gospel songwriters with songs considered generally inspirational. She was renowned for her powerful contralto voice, range, an enormous stage presence, and her ability to relate to her audiences, conveying and evoking intense emotion during performances. [140] The first R&B and rock and roll singers employed the same devices that Jackson and her cohorts in gospel singing used, including ecstatic melisma, shouting, moaning, clapping, and stomping. Church. Eskridge, her lawyer, said that Miss. She dutifully joined the children's choir at age four. [135] Raymond Horricks writes, "People who hold different religious beliefs to her own, and even people who have no religious beliefs whatsoever, are impressed by and give their immediate attention to her singing. Due to her decision to sing gospel exclusively she initially rejected the idea, but relented when Ellington asked her to improvise the 23rd Psalm. [105][106] When the themes of her songs were outwardly religious, some critics felt the delivery was at times less lively. [132][129][133][33], The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music identifies Jackson and Sam Cooke, whose music career started when he joined the Soul Stirrers, as the most important figures in black gospel music in the 1950s. Mahalia Jackson Sofia Masson Cafe Waitress Richard Whiten Sigmond Galloway Richardson Cisneros-Jones Lead Usher Carl Gilliard John Jackson Danielle Titus Audience Member Omar Cook Concert Goer Bo Kane Ed Sullivan Director Denise Dowse Writer Ericka Nicole Malone All cast & crew Production, box office & more at IMDbPro More like this 7.3 She performed exceptionally well belying her personal woes and ongoing health problems. [92], Improvisation was a significant part of Jackson's live performances both in concert halls and churches. "[110] Jackson defended her idiosyncrasies, commenting, "How can you sing of amazing grace, how can you sing prayerfully of heaven and earth and all God's wonders without using your hands? Only a few weeks later, while driving home from a concert in St. Louis, she found herself unable to stop coughing. [7][8][3], Jackson's legs began to straighten on their own when she was 14, but conflicts with Aunt Duke never abated. "[89] Writer Ralph Ellison noted how she blended precise diction with a thick New Orleans accent, describing the effect as "almost of the academy one instant, and of the broadest cotton field dialect the next". Toward the end, a participant asked Jackson what parts of gospel music come from jazz, and she replied, "Baby, don't you know the Devil stole the beat from the Lord? The marriage dissolved and she announced her intention to divorce. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Jackson appeared at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1957 and 1958, and in the latter's concert film, Jazz on a Summer's Day (1959). The gospel legend's soulful voice both comforted and galvanized African Americans during the Civil Rights . Her mother was Charity Clark while her father was Johnny Jackson. It was regular and, they felt, necessary work. [109] Anthony Heilbut writes that "some of her gestures are dramatically jerky, suggesting instant spirit possession", and called her performances "downright terrifying. Sabbath was strictly followed, the entire house shut down on Friday evenings and did not open again until Monday morning. She was surrounded by music in New Orleans, more often blues pouring out of her neighbors' houses, although she was fascinated with second line funeral processions returning from cemeteries when the musicians played brisk jazz. She similarly supported a group of black sharecroppers in Tennessee facing eviction for voting. The bulk of the estate was left to a number of relatives - many of whom cared for Mahalia during her early years. On the way to Providence Memorial Park in Metairie, Louisiana, the funeral procession passed Mount Moriah Baptist Church, where her music was played over loudspeakers.[82][83][84][85]. She has, almost singlehandedly, brought about a wide, and often non-religious interest in the gospel singing of the Negro.