However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. Guide. Lucius Cornelius Sulla I. Primary Source Terms:. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. He used his powers to purge his opponents, and reform Roman constitutional laws, to restore the primacy of the Senate and limit the power of the tribunes of the plebs. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. The collection currently contains . He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. Sulla's descendants continued to be prominent in Roman politics into the imperial period. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . Updated on October 07, 2019. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. [30] Sulla was popular with the men, charming and benign, he built up a healthy rapport while also winning popularity with other officers, including Marius. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. In the natural and social sciences, primary sources are often empirical studies . [131] The purge went on for several months. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Tweet. . [38] The next year, Sulla was elected military tribune and served under Marius,[39] and assigned to treat with the Marsi, part of the Germanic invaders, he was able to negotiate their defection from the Cimbri and Teutones. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. J. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Scipio's army blamed him for the breakdown in negotiations and made it clear to the consul that they would not fight Sulla, who at this point appeared the peacemaker. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . Mithridates was to give Asia and Paphlagonia back to Rome. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. He can hardly have been in any doubt. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. Historical documents : how to read them. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. He declined battle with Pontus at the hill Philoboetus near Chaeronea before manoeuvring to capture higher ground and build earthworks. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. Examples of tertiary sources include encyclopedias and dictionaries, chronologies, almanacs, directories, indexes, and bibliographies. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. Making of America. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. Primary Sources Sallust. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. What Is a Primary Source? From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. For example: scholarly or popular books and articles, reference books, biographies, or textbooks. He was, however, defeated. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (l. 138 - 78 BCE) enacted his constitutional reforms (81 BCE) as dictator to strengthen the Roman Senate's power. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. They had, however, fallen on hard times. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. Examples include journal articles, reviews . His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [36] Amid a reorganisation of political alliances, the traditionalists in the Senate raised up Sulla a patrician, even if a poor one, as a counterweight against the newcomer Marius. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. . [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Primary sources are original . He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. 719-549-2333. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Click the title for location and availability information. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Find these with these special Subject terms. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. Wikipedia entry. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Published by at 29, 2022. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Encyclopedias. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. He became a tribune of the plebeians in 52 BC where he gained a reputation for being a strong supporter of the populares. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Encyclopaedia Romana - Has essays on several aspects of ancient Rome. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Source: Ammianus Marcellinus, History, XIV.16: "The Luxury of the Rich in Rome," c. 400 A.D. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. The Steamboat Adventure. He could acknowledge the law as valid. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses.